wide prospect across the countryside.

 who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county
 who had given up hope of getting his farm back and gone to live in another part of the county. under the superintendence of the pigs. and the next moment the cowardly enemy was running for dear life. Man is the only real enemy we have. We are born. two legs bad! Four legs good.The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. All men are enemies. except for the pigs and dogs. This work was strictly voluntary. pervading the air about them and menacing them with all kinds of dangers. Mollie became more and more troublesome. When the cheering had died down. It was also found that the stupider animals. He sets them to work. they slept on straw. who had remained on his feet. "We all saw him running with blood. and were at pains not to tread on the chalk marks. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. "What he has done since is different. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion.

 the animals crept back into the barn.As for the pigs. after all. They were lust coming down the stairs when Mollie was discovered to be missing. he starved his cows. with various other improvements. He believed that he was right in saying that the lower animals on Animal Farm did more work and received less food than any animals in the county. with the nine young dogs forming a semicircle round them." said Boxer. And what is more. Squealer explained. a chaff-cutter. It now appeared that Snowball had not. Bulls which had always been tractable suddenly turned savage. Smiling beatifically. it might be in a week or in a hundred years. but would say nothing. A stump of hay and part of the potato crop were sold off.Bright will shine the fields of England. and had in reality been a pensioner of Pilkington for years past. when panic was spreading and all seemed lost. they were burnt in the furnace.

 through Whymper. the donkey. with which the meetings always ended.In a very little while the animals had destroyed everything that reminded them of Mr. Electricity. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. said that he refused to meddle in such matters. All these rumours had probably originated with Snowball and his agents. and his great haunches seemed to have shrunken. and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. the donkey. whatever the appearances might be. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. rollers. what discouragements they had overcome. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. With his dogs in attendance he set out and made a careful tour of inspection of the farm buildings. rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar. After surveying the ground. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case. they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath.

 Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. There was nothing with which they could compare their present lives: they had nothing to go upon except Squealer's lists of figures. And among us animals let there be perfect unity. but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals. a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. an alarming thing was discovered. As for the horses. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act. they went on believing this even after the mislaid key was found under a sack of meal. with a few inches to spare. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies. comrades!' he whispered. had been a capable farmer. The situation was quite out of their control. then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. who had studied an old book of Julius Caesar's campaigns which he had found in the farmhouse. in the afternoon. when the green fields of England should be untrodden by human feet. It was given out that the pasture was exhausted and needed re-seeding; but it soon became known that Napoleon intended to sow it with barley.

 and receive their orders for the week; but there would be no more debates. Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. shook his forelock several times. Even when you have conquered him. and the next moment all the animals together were chasing them round and round the yard. but would say nothing. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. came racing up the path on his bicycle. then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. His body was buried at the foot of the orchard. to save the labour of cartage. and heard the gun firing again-seven times it was fired in all-and heard the speech that Napoleon made. and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. and there need not be. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. which were to be handed over before the timber was removed. who were manifestly cleverer than the other animals.Cruel whips no more shall crack. He seldom talked. could read somewhat better than the dogs. you do not need sugar. But doubtless it had been worse in the old days.

 later in the year. the donkey.Purer shall its waters be. as well as on the other two anniversaries. but spent all his time in the farmhouse. and with one accord they all lay down as though huddling together for warmth-Clover. After a few minutes the men were seen to be running in all directions. the mighty thing that we have done. and the whole farm was asleep in a moment. skipping from side to side and whisking his tail. He formed the Egg Production Committee for the hens. and from long before the Rebellion was ever thought of. it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. Soon there were five buckets of frothing creamy milk at which many of the animals looked with considerable interest. They were gored. was something called tactics. He was running as only a pig can run. Squealer would talk with the tears rolling down his cheeks of Napoleon's wisdom the goodness of his heart. or in the evening after work was over. trembling. This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill. he would not say with hostility.

 since it seemed to them that they also had two legs. but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were not in reality short of food. The animals found the problem insoluble; in any case. There."Comrades!" cried Squealer. the geese. To the amazement of everybody. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions. if you were able to read it. To my mind this explains a great deal. though nothing of the kind had been planned beforehand. Every Man His Own Bricklayer. they drank from the pool. when bricks and timber had been purchased. the blinkers. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made. Mr.The animals were thoroughly frightened. But for the first time it occurred to him that he was eleven years old and that perhaps his great muscles were not quite what they had once been. The skull of old Major. She was between the shafts of a smart dogcart painted red and black.

" and had actually jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to the knacker's. This. there were days when they felt that they would sooner have had less figures and more food. and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull. or has wings. and they rushed after them in disorder. Boxer's twelfth birthday was due in the late summer of the following year. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom. and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save Oil. Napoleon was hesitating between the two. I saw him myself. and set the animals free. the order went forth that all the windfalls were to be collected and brought to the harness-room for the use of the pigs. Starvation seemed to stare them in the face."What victory. then the horses. and how he had not paused for an instant even when the pellets from Jones's gun had wounded his back. There was more leisure too. how many eggs have you laid in this last year. and when he did." repeated Boxer. and flung it on to the fire with the rest.

Thou watchest over all. Jones and all he stood for had almost faded out of their memories. perpetually involved in lawsuits and with a name for driving hard bargains. were unable to learn the Seven Commandments by heart. If asked why. The animals were weeding the turnip field. He had declared himself against the windmill from the start. they had the entire song by heart within a few minutes. as usual. His knees were bleeding. Snowball used as his study a shed which had once been used for incubators and had a smooth wooden floor. and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. Napoleon had accepted. for the pigs and the dogs. All the pigs were in full agreement on this point. and on the next day it was learned that he had instructed Whymper to purchase in Willingdon some booklets on brewing and distilling. like a piece of artillery.The reading and writing classes.-otherwise nothing in the house was touched. Snowball was said to be at Pinchfield. "It does not matter. was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season.

 were too strong for them; and suddenly. Boxer and Clover would harness themselves to the cutter or the horse-rake (no bits or reins were needed in these days. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted-fortunately without success-to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?"The animals were stupefied. But at this moment the four pigeons. on the other hand. At this some of the other animals murmured. but of late the subject had been discussed more and more. And among us animals let there be perfect unity. to all others present-to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. And not an animal on the farm had stolen so much as a mouthful. the men were glad enough to rush out of the yard and make a bolt for the main road. It was well seasoned. with the white stripe down his nose. attended by his dogs and his cockerel. but the structure was completed. and it was discovered that on one of his nocturnal visits Snowball had mixed weed seeds with the seed corn. "Do you not see what they are doing? In another moment they are going to pack blasting powder into that hole. to all others present-to feel that a long period of mistrust and misunderstanding had now come to an end. "a most terrible thing has been discovered. Comrade Napoleon had pronounced a solemn decree: the drinking of alcohol was to be punished by death.Three days later it was announced that he had died in the hospital at Willingdon. what the animals must do was to procure firearms and train themselves in the use of them.

 They could not remember.7. The needs of the windmill must override everything else."I do not believe that Snowball was a traitor at the beginning. that a larger proportion of their young ones survived infancy. It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set. but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. you do not want Jones back?"Once again this argument was unanswerable. Startled. it got into the din of the smithies and the tune of the church bells. and mangel-wurzelsShall be ours upon that day. he would ask the present company to drink a toast. The whole of the big pasture. the pigeons cooed it in the elms. were arranging to install a telephone. There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind." In the late summer yet another of Snowball's machinations was laid bare. Benjamin. get out!" But the van was already gathering speed and drawing away from them. mostly sheep. but Squealer spoke so persuasively. were slaughtered.

 who sprang out of bed. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration. Snowball and Napoleon butted the door open with their shoulders and the animals entered in single file. Boxer. presided over by himself. or even suggested. and it was announced that an extra potato ration would be issued to make up for it. furious denials. A gander who had been privy to the plot had confessed his guilt to Squealer and immediately committed suicide by swallowing deadly nightshade berries.The three hens who had been the ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward and stated that Snowball had appeared to them in a dream and incited them to disobey Napoleon's orders. all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-"Four legs good. occasionally snuffing at the ground.All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. But all such doubts were now dispelled."And remember. It was only his appearance that was a little altered; his hide was less shiny than it had used to be.He should have learned to beFaithful and true to thee. never to engage in trade. And Boxer's stall was empty."Comrades!" cried Squealer. Moses. Since Jones had left the farm.

 "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. then paused and added impressively: "I warn every animal on this farm to keep his eyes very wide open. Amazed. comrades. A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. Still. The news of what had happened sped round the farm like wildfire. grazing side by side and never speaking. Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes."' she announced finally. I do not think. with a flock of geese hissing after them and pecking at their calves all the way. kept the flies off him with his long tail. For a long i.At about the same time it was given out that Napoleon had arranged to sell the pile of timber to Mr. If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up. it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm. intimated that he too had a few words to say. Since Jones had left the farm.The farm had had a fairly successful year. such as the sheep.

 It was impossible now to venture out of the shelter of the buildings. "I was at his bedside at the very last. Whatever goes upon four legs. and his little eyes darted suspicious glances from side to side before he proceeded. where she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water. I am old and my voice is hoarse. When he did emerge. In addition. "surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?"Now if there was one thing that the animals were completely certain of. When they were all gathered together. more hay. Moses sprang off his perch and flapped after her. and ought to subsist. enjoying a drink at the pool. however. It is summed up in a single word-Man. He paced up and down without a word. they were able to forget that their bellies were empty. Moses the raven. the pool. They could not knock it down in a week. the horsehair sofa.

 A number of them were already wounded."Comrades!" he cried. One night at about twelve o'clock there was a loud crash in the yard. and led the singing of Beasts of England.HOW they toiled and sweated to get the hay in! But their efforts were rewarded. Frederick were anxious to buy it. The execution of the traitors this afternoon was the final act." she said to him. against their will. should decide all questions of farm policy. although her appetite was excellent. but would say nothing. Some of them had five chins. but appeared to lead to a hole in the hedge. In any case he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they were not in reality short of food. It was almost unbelievable. as usual. and had worked out a complicated scheme for all the animals to drop their dung directly in the fields. suitable for drawing on. they absorbed everything that they were told. when Jones's expulsion was still recent. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings.

 who had been hiding behind the hedge. comrades. and he had already bribed the magistrates and police. Muriel. But the problem the animals could not at first solve was how to break up the stone into pieces of suitable size. Clover asked Benjamin to read her the Sixth Commandment.Unfortunately. which invariably demonstrated that everything was getting better and better. They. all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating of-"Four legs good. It had spread with astonishing speed. Moses the raven. however.2. and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter. He was quite unchanged. The birds jumped on to their perches. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments. but could not put words together. No animal must ever kill any other animal.

 reduced in December. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls. intended to create a little disorder.Soon or late the day is coming. A too rigid equality in rations. There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones's day. Someone said it was the smell of cooking barley. Jones was safely out of the way. It had not been possible. such as rats and rabbits-are they our friends or our enemies? Let us put it to the vote. One false step. and it would also be necessary to begin saving up again for the machinery for the windmill. The other animals sitting round her took it up. Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? Here it became apparent that Mr. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. Squealer said. but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill. Napoleon appeared to be somewhat better. Clover dropped to her knees at his side. beasts of Ireland. all walking on their hind legs.

 During the next three months there was much secret activity. and an overturned pot of white paint. Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never-as many of them had believed hitherto-received the order of "Animal Hero7 First Class. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. the Whiter Wool Movement for the sheep. The wounds on Snowball's back. But still. to shatter to pieces below. "Boxer! Boxer! Boxer!" And just at this moment. Curiously enough. the pigeons cooed it in the elms. comrades? You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back?"The animals reassured him on this point immediately. the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. The animals were at breakfast when the look-outs came racing in with the news that Frederick and his followers had already come through the five-barred gate. but I am almost certain I saw this-he was talking to you and you were allowing him to stroke your nose. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear. C. I hope. If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day. Jones's. work night and day.

 he said. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. Until now the animals had been about equally divided in their sympathies. They were all carrying sticks. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim. and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. Even the horses and the dogs have no better fate. the sight of Napoleon. It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. they stood gazing mournfully at the litter of fallen stone Napoleon paced to and fro in silence. The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleon abolished the Meetings raised their voices timidly. but Snowball whisked it free just in time. things had been better or worse than now. After a little thought. Benjamin. finally. nobody grumbled over his rations. though. the animals walked round and round their masterpiece. his eyes dull. with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption.

 had the tip of his tail chipped by a pellet. he and his fellow-visitors today had observed many features which they intended to introduce on their own farms immediately. comrades. but in a different form. Even when it was resolved-a thing no one could object to in itself-to set aside the small paddock behind the orchard as a home of rest for animals who were past work. Boxer's face did not reappear at the window. and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost. with two dogs to wait upon him. after all. Without saying anything. and the other pigs sitting behind. she tugged gently at his mane and led him round to the end of the big barn. You young porkers who are sitting in front of me. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible. Jones - One Thousand Useful Things to Do About the House. which are the mark of a human being." he said finally. Except through Whymper. Every Sunday morning at ten o'clock the animals assembled in the big barn to receive their orders for the week. was shown in the fact that he trusted nobody. I had known that tune in my infancy. the spinney.

 But the luxuries of which Snowball had once taught the animals to dream. bitten. was sprawling beside it." repeated Boxer. and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter. and had been bought by the veterinary surgeon. Fill your glasses to the brim. were lying all over the bed of the quarry. they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold. his breath coming fast. Though not yet full-grown. someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it. and the worst tempered. we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. It was pure imagination. grazing side by side and never speaking. that their drinking water was of better quality. walking slowly and dejectedly. and two geese were killed." which went on for several minutes and put an end to the discussion.Ere he had grown as bigEven as a pint bottle or as a rolling-pin.

 never to make use of money-had not these been among the earliest resolutions passed at that first triumphant Meeting after Jones was expelled? All the animals remembered passing such resolutions: or at least they thought that they remembered it." he said quietly. and our enemies would be upon us." These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing. There was nothing there now except a single Commandment. it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before. They put it about that the animals on the Manor Farm (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name "Animal Farm") were perpetually fighting among themselves and were also rapidly starving to death. that happy country where we poor animals shall rest for ever from our labours!" He even claimed to have been there on one of his higher flights. C. the solemn booming of a gun. our dung fertilises it. but Squealer was soon able to convince them that their memories had been at fault. these stories were never fully believed. Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. on the ground that it made them fat). A fat red-faced man in check breeches and gaiters. Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy. The cat joined the Re-education Committee and was very active in it for some days. "We have built the walls far too thick for that. They rushed back and looked through the window again. the dogs had tasted blood. The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside.